Accommodation
Hotels
Bangkok has some of Asia's finest hotels, with thousands of rooms meeting international standards. Many hotels belong to the large international chains. All luxury hotels have swimming pools, 24-hour room service, air conditioning and a high staff-to-guest ratio. Accommodation styles cover every range, however, and the budget traveller is also well catered for. Bang'lampoo in Bangkok is the main area for cheap accommodation. Hotels outside the capital and developed tourist areas are less lavish but are extremely economical. Member hotels of the Thai Hotels Association can be booked on arrival at the counter of Bangkok's Don Muang Airport, and at similar counters in some provincial airports. There is no official system of grading hotels, but prices generally give a good indication of standards. The Tourism Authority of Thailand publishes regional accommodation guides, which give comprehensive details on pricing and facilities.
Guest Houses
Guest houses are cheap and popular with tourists, as are bungalows, which also often have cafes and English-speaking staff.
Self-catering
Holiday villas and flats can be rented. For details, look for advertisements in the English-language newspapers.
Camping/Caravanning
In general, visitors will find that camping in Thailand is not popular, as other accommodation is available at such reasonable prices. Most of Thailand's campsites are in the area of the National Parks, which are under the management of the Department of Forestry; there are also some private tourist resorts which provide camping facilities. Camping is allowed on nearly all of the islands and beaches, many of which are National Parks in their own rights. Some national parks rent out tents at a reasonable price.
Youth Hostels
YMCA, YWCA and small, cheap hotels are available all over the country.
Tourist Information
Thai Hotels Association (THA) 203-209/3 Ratchadamnoen Klang Avenue, Bowonniwet Bangkok 10200, ThailandTel: (2) 281 9496.Wwebsite: www.thaihotels.orgThai Youth Hostels Association 25/14 Phitsanulok Road, Dusit, Bangkok 10300, ThailandTel: (2) 6287 413-5.Website: www.tyha.org
Business
• GDP: US$163.5 billion (2004).• Main exports: Food and live animals, office equipment, textiles and clothing, and rubber.• Main imports: Cars, machinery and electrical machinery, and plastics• Main trade partners: USA, Japan, China (PR), Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong (SAR), Indonesia and UK.
Economy
The Thai economy expanded very rapidly during the 1980s and early to mid-1990s; average annual GDP growth between 1990 and 1996 was 8.5 per cent. Nevertheless, certain aspects of its economic performance during this period gave cause for concern, notably the foreign debt, shortcomings in the taxation system and the weakness of the country's financial institutions. The economy was already slowing down when the Asian currency crisis struck in the late summer of 1997. In 1998, the economy contracted by 11 per cent. After a strong initial recovery, the Thai economy stuttered in 2001/2 but recovered to 6.1 per cent in 2004. However, following the tsunami in December 2004, growth is expected to have slowed to around 4 per cent in 2005. Before Thailand assumed its position as one of the Asian tiger economies, agriculture had been the main economic activity: this has declined in relative importance as the industrial and service base has expanded and developed. The sector remains important nonetheless: the main crops are rice (of which Thailand is the world's leading exporter), sugar, cassava, maize, rubber, cotton and tobacco. Fishing is also significant, especially for prawns, which have become one of the country's largest exports. Another important natural resource, timber, was highly lucrative until, under international pressure, a logging ban was introduced in 1989. However, illegal logging continues - especially on the Thai-Myanmar border where much of the best quality timber may be found. The country's other principal natural resources are minerals, and gemstones are the most lucrative (again, there is much illegal activity in this industry), but there are also major deposits of tin and lead, plus copper, gold, zinc and iron, and rare metal ores containing antimony, manganese and tungsten. Natural gas and oil fields have been located offshore and are now being developed. In the industrial sector, Thailand manufactures cement, electronics, jewellery and refined sugar; there is also an important oil refinery. In the service sector, Thailand has a large tourism industry, worth billions to the economy. Thai companies are also highly active in transport, telecommunications, finance and the media. Thailand is a member of the Association of South East Asian Nations (and as such will participate in the planned Free Trade Area), as well as the Asian Development Bank and the Colombo Plan (a cooperative trading body covering South Asia).
Business Etiquette
Most people in senior management speak English but in very small companies, or those situated outside the industrial belt of Bangkok, English is not as widely spoken. Most businesses of substantial size prefer visitors to make appointments. Visiting cards are essential. Punctuality is advisable. Office hours: Mon-Fri 0830-1700. Government office hours: Mon-Fri 0830-1200 and 1300-1630.
Conferences/Conventions
The Thailand Incentive and Convention Association has 191 members representing all sectors of business interested in conventions and incentives. Members include hotels, airlines, publishing houses, advertising agencies, cruise operators, travel agents, lawyers, equipment suppliers and banks. The aim of the association is to provide help with every possible query that an organiser may have, as well as providing practical assistance. It publishes a quarterly newsletter, an annual guide, a gift-ideas catalogue and a social programme. The Bangkok Convention Centre is the largest venue in the country, but there are many other venues (including hotels) in Bangkok and elsewhere. The largest markets for delegates in 1988 were Malaysia, Japan, the USA, Taiwan and Australia, though interest from Canada and Germany showed a considerable increase. In October 1991, Thailand hosted the annual meeting of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund attended by 15,000 delegates.
Commercial Information
Department of Export Promotion22/77 Rachadapisek Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand Tel: (2) 511 5066.Website: www.thaitrade.comThai Chamber of Commerce150 Rajbopit Road, 2146, 10200 Bangkok, Thailand Tel: (2) 622 1860.Website: www.thaiechamber.comThailand Incentive and Convention Association (TICA) (Information on Conferences/Conventions)99/7 Soi Ladprao 8, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand Tel: (2) 938 6590.Website: www.tica.or.th
Climate
Climate
Generally hot, particularly between March and May. The monsoon season runs from June to October, when the climate is still hot and humid with torrential rains. The best time for travelling is November to February (cool season).
Required clothing
Lightweights and rainwear are advised.
Communications
Telephone
IDD is available. Country code: 66.
Mobile telephone
Roaming agreements exist with international mobile phone companies. There is good coverage especially around main towns.
Internet
Internet cafes provide public access to Internet and e-mail services.
Post
Airmail to Europe takes up to one week. The General Post Office in Bangkok (on Charoen Krung Road) hours: Mon-Fri 0800-2000, Sat-Sun and holidays 0800-1300. Post offices up-country are open Mon-Fri 0800-1630, Sat 0900-1200 .
MEDIA
While the Government and military are controlling nearly all the national terrestrial TV networks and operating many of Thailand's radio networks, the print media are largely privately run. Press: Many daily and weekly Thai newspapers are available, including Thairath. Other English-language dailies are Bangkok Post, The Nation and Thailand Times. TV: Thai TV stations are variously controlled by the Government and the army. They include TV3, TV5, BBTV Channel 7 and Television of Thailand. Even Independent Television is part-owned by the Prime Minister’s office. Radio: Radio Thailand and MCOT are operated by Government agencies, while Army Radio is controlled by the Royal Thai Army.
Duty Free
Duty-Free
The following goods may be imported into Thailand without incurring customs duty by any person, irrespective of age: 200 cigarettes or 250g of tobacco or equal weight of cigars; 1l of alcoholic liquor; one still camera with five rolls of film or one movie camera with three rolls of 8mm or 16mm film.
Restricted exports
There are restrictions on the import of non-prescribed drugs and all firearms and ammunition, and the export of items of archaeological interest or historical value, without a certificate of authorisation from the Department of Fine Arts in Thailand. The export of images of the Buddha and other religious artefacts is also subject to this ruling. Radio transceiver equipment, plant and living materials, live animals or products, medicines and chemicals also require a permit from the relevant Government agency. Cameras, video cameras and portable computers must be declared to the Customs Officer. Jewellery and ornaments are required to go through the Customs formalities at the Outbound section.
Prohibited items
Gold bullion must be declared on arrival and can be left at the airport of entry to be retrieved on departure. The import of meat from any country affected by Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) ('mad cow disease') and foot and mouth diseases is prohibited; the measure covers meat from all 15 EU countries and any other infected country. Pornographic material and protected wild animals or products are also prohibited.
Warning
Any drug-related offences are severely punished and may result in life imprisonment or even the death penalty.
Entertainment
Food & Drink
There are many Asian and European restaurants. Thai food is hot and spicy, but most tourist restaurants tone down the food for Western palates. Pri-kee-noo, a tiny red or green pepper, is one of the hot ingredients that might best be avoided. These are generally served on a side plate in a vinaigrette with the main course. Popular fruits are papaya, jackfruit, mangosteens, rambutans, pomelos (similar to grapefruits) and, above all, durians, which farangs (foreigners) either love or hate. Owing to the strong smell of durians, the majority of hotels do not allow them onto the premises. Things to know: Bars have counter or table service. There are no licensing laws.National specialities:•
Tom yam (a coconut-milk soup prepared with makroot leaves, ginger, lemon grass, prawns or chicken).• Gang pet (hot 'red' curry with coconut milk, herbs, garlic, chillies, shrimp paste, coriander and seasoning) served with rice.•
Kaeng khiaw ('green' curry with baby aubergines, beef or chicken) served with rice and gai yang (barbecued chicken).•
Kao pat (fried rice with pieces of crab meat, chicken, pork, onion, egg and saffron) served with onions, cucumber, soy sauce and chillies.• Desserts include salim (sweet noodles in coconut milk). •
Songkaya (pudding of coconut milk, eggs and sugar often served in a coconut shell). • Well worth trying is sticky rice and mangoes (rice cooked in coconut milk served with slices of mango). This is a favourite breakfast dish in the mango harvest season (March to May). National drinks:• Local whisky, either Mekhong or SamSong. • Coconut milk straight from the shell during the harvest season. Tipping: Most hotels and restaurants will add 10 per cent service charge and 7 per cent Government tax to the bill.
Nightlife
Bangkok offers a wide range of entertainment venues, from nightclubs, pubs, bars, cinemas and restaurants (many of which are open air), to massage parlours, pool halls and cocktail lounges. Performances of traditional religious and court dances can be seen at the Thai Cultural Centre. Elsewhere on the mainland, nightlife takes the form of traditional dances. The islands are renowned for their nightlife, and attendance is almost exclusively by foreigners. The full moon parties are notorious and continue well into the following morning.
Shopping
Good buys include Thai silks and cottons, batiks, silver, pottery with celadon green glaze, precious and semiprecious stones, dolls, masks, lacquerware, pewterware, bamboo artefacts and bronzeware. The weekend market at Chatuchuk Park in Bangkok is a regular cornucopia with items ranging from genuine antiques to fighting fish. Tailor-made clothes are also good value and can be made in a matter of days. Shopping hours: Mon-Sun 1000-2100; department stores 1000-2200.
General Information
Area
513,115 sq km (198,115 sq miles).
Population
63.1 million (2003).
Population Density
122.9 per sq km.
Capital
Bangkok. Population: 7.5 million, including Thon Buri (UN estimate 2001).
Geography
Thailand is bordered to the west by Myanmar and the Indian Ocean, to the south and east by Malaysia and the Gulf of Thailand, to the east by Cambodia, and to the north and east by Laos. Central Thailand is dominated by the Chao Phraya River.
Government
Constitutional monarchy since 1973. Head of State: HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) since 1946. Head of Government: Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra since 2006. Recent history: Thailand’s recent past has been characterised by economic boom and bust, unstable Government, unrest in the Muslim south and, of course, in common with other countries in the region, the effects of the December 2004 tsunami disaster. After a quarter of a century of military rule, civilian Government was restored to Thailand following student riots in Bangkok, but this was to last only three years before the military took over again in 1976. This eventually became a civilian Government again in 1983, but eight years later yet another military coup took place. This time, though, a civilian Prime Minister was installed, and following this, despite various Government collapses and allegations of corruption in high places, Parliamentary democracy has prevailed. Thailand was one of the ‘Asian Tiger’ economies in the 1980s and 1990s, but suffered with the regional economic collapse of 1997. Recovery began a couple of years later, and things have gradually picked up since then. In 2001, newly-elected Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra overcame accusations of corruption, and he remained in power following re-election in 2005. However, during his term of office, he has been forced to address growing unrest in the Muslim south of the country, as well as the devastation caused by the tsunami. He has also presided over controversial crackdowns on the drugs industry, in which many people were killed. In April 2006, he was forced to call a snap election following mass protests and corruption allegations. Despite claiming over 50 per cent of the vote, a boycott by the opposition parties meant 39 Parliamentary seats were left empty. Shinawatra announced he would stand down, and the deputy Prime Minister, Chidchai Vanasatidya, took over until a new Government could be formed. The Constitutional Court then ruled that the election was invalid. A re-run will have to take place later in the year. Meanwhile, Shinawatra declared himself back at work and reinstated himself as Prime Minister.Under the most recent version of the constitution, finalised in October 1997, the legislature is the bicameral Ratha Sapha (National Assembly). The 393-member Saphaphuthan Ratsadon (House of Representatives) is elected for a four-year term. Executive power is vested in the Prime Minister and Cabinet of Ministers, with the former drawn from the ranks of the Ratha Sapha
– normally the leader of the largest party (or largest party in the governing coalition).
Language
Thai is the official language. English is widely spoken, especially in establishments catering for tourists.
Religion
The vast majority adhere to Buddhism (Theravada form), 5 per cent are Muslim and there are Christian minorities.
Electricity
220 volts AC, 50Hz. American- and European-style two-pin plugs are in use.
SOCIAL CONVENTIONS
Present-day Thai society is the result of centuries of cultural interchange, particularly with China and India, but more recently with the West. Western visitors will generally receive a handshake on meeting someone. A Thai will be greeted with the traditional closed hands and a slight bow of the head, the wai. Buddhist monks are always greeted in this way. The Thai Royal Family is regarded with an almost religious reverence. Visitors should respect this. It is very bad manners to make public displays of anger, as Thais regard such behaviour as boorish and a loss of 'face'. Public displays of affection between men and women are also frowned upon, and it is considered rude to touch anyone on the head or to point one's feet at someone. Shoes should be removed before entering someone's home or a temple. Informal dress is widely acceptable and men are seldom, if ever, expected to wear suits. A traditional Thai shirt is the most suitable attire for men at any official function. Beachwear should be confined to the beach and topless sunbathing is frowned upon. Smoking is widely acceptable.
Health
Health
1
A yellow fever vaccination certificate is required from travellers over one year of age arriving from infected areas. Countries and areas included in endemic zones are considered to be infected areas.
2
Following WHO guidelines issued in 1973, a cholera vaccination certificate is not a condition of entry to Thailand. However, cholera is a serious risk in this country and precautions are essential. Up-to-date advice should be sought before deciding whether these precautions should include vaccination, as medical opinion is divided over its effectiveness; see the Health appendix.
3
Vaccination against typhoid is advised.
4
Malaria risk exists throughout the year in rural areas throughout the country, especially in forested and hilly areas and around the international borders. There is no risk in cities and the main tourist resorts, eg Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Pattaya, Phuket and Samui. The malignant falciparum form is present and is reported to be highly resistant to chloroquine and resistant to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. Resistance to mefloquine and to quinine has been reported from areas near the borders with Myanmar and Cambodia.
Food & drink
Food and water-borne diseases are common. Use only bottled or otherwise sterilised (eg boiled) water for drinking, brushing teeth or making ice. Unpasteurised milk should also be boiled, although pasteurised or homogenised milk is available from some dairies. Tinned or powdered milk is safe as long as it is reconstituted with sterile water. Beware of dairy products that may have been made with unboiled milk. Stick to meat and fish that have been well cooked, preferably served hot, but not reheated. Avoid raw vegetables and unpeeled fruit.
Other risks
Amoebic and bacillary dysentery and hepatitis A and E may occur. Hepatitis B is highly endemic and trachoma is also reported. Japanese encephalitis may occur, particularly in rural areas. A vaccine is available, and travellers are advised to consult their doctor prior to departure. Precautions should be taken to guard against mosquito bites due to the risk of this disease and dengue fever. There has been an increase in the reported cases of dengue fever since January 2005, especially in Southern Thailand and areas bordering Malaysia. The Thai Ministry of Public Health issued a nationwide dengue fever epidemic alert on 9 May 2005. There were outbreaks of Avian Influenza (bird flu) amongst poultry in Thailand in 2004 and 2005, when there were a number of human fatalities. There have been no new cases in 2006. Travellers to Thailand are unlikely to be affected by Avian Influenza, but should avoid visiting live animal markets, poultry farms and other places where they may come into close contact with wild or caged birds; and ensure poultry dishes are thoroughly cooked. HIV infection is rife in Thailand, especially among prostitutes in Bangkok and Chiang Mai. Rare cases of Bengal Cholera have been reported and an outbreak of leptospiros in the northeast of the country, following flooding in 1999 caused a number of deaths. Rabies is present. For those at high risk, vaccination before arrival should be considered. If you are bitten, seek medical advice without delay. For more information, consult the Health appendix.
Note
Those suspected or confirmed of carrying AIDS will be refused entry.
Health Care
Health insurance is recommended. Medical facilities are good in main centres. All major hotels have doctors on call.
History and Government
History
The Kingdom of Thailand (known as Siam until 1939) was ruled by the Khmers, based in what is now neighbouring Cambodia, during the 11th and 12th centuries. In 1238, two Thai chieftains rebelled against Khmer domination and established the first independent Thai kingdom. Ayutthaya, to the north of Bangkok, was the capital of the kingdom from the early 14th century, until its destruction by Burmese invaders in 1767. The Burmese were quickly forced out and the monarchy re-established. The absolute rule of the monarchy lasted until 1932, when it was replaced by a system of constitutional monarchy. Thereafter, Thailand gradually installed a democratic, pluralistic system of government. Progress was slow, mainly because of the attitude of the military, which has traditionally exercised a strong (although rarely beneficial) influence on Thai politics. Since 1932, the army has taken over the government on no less than 17 occasions. During the Cold War, this was a minor consideration – democratic governments were a rarity in the region and Thailand’s chief strategic ally, the USA, were more concerned with Thailand’s role as a bulwark against encroaching communism from elsewhere in Southeast Asia. In this regard, Thailand was an influential member of the main regional anti-communist bloc, Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN). Since the end of the Cold War, Thailand has been prominent in proposing the reformation of ASEAN into a regional trading bloc (see Business Profile). This was part of a realignment of Thai foreign policy engineered by the government of Chatichai Choonhaven, who led the country from his election in 1988 until his overthrow in a military coup in February 1991. This coup – the 17th and last since 1932 – was a short-lived affair headed by army chief General Suchinda Kraprayoon and ended with a return to democratic civilian government in March 1992. Over the next five years, Thailand had four elections and a variety of coalition governments. King Bhumibol, who is revered as a semi-deity by many Thais, intervened on several occasions to calm situations that appeared otherwise to be spiralling out of control. As well as the inherent problems of coalition politics, successive governments were also being undermined by growing corruption in Thailand’s political and business life. These issues were brought to a head by the 1997 Asian financial crisis, of which Thailand was one of the principal victims. The incumbent government fell, due to its inept handling of the crisis. After that, Chuan Leekpai, who had held the premiership between the end of 1992 and mid-1995, returned to the premiership at the head of Pak Prachatipat (Democratic Party), the main liberal party in Thailand. 1997 was a watershed year for Thailand. As well as the economic crisis, from which Thailand initially suffered severely but has since recovered well (see Economy), a new constitution limiting the influence of the military was finally put in place. The first elections for a new Senate under this new constitution were held in March 2000. The poll for the more powerful House of Representatives was held in January 2001. The problem of corruption, which has long bedevilled Thai politics, was reflected in the fact that the winner – the billionaire tycoon, Thaksin Shinawatra – had been indicted for fraud and tax evasion. Nonetheless, leading the quirkily named Thai Rak Thai (Thais Love Thais) party, Thaksin Shinawatra won a decisive mandate on the basis of promises to support poor farmers and stand up to the IMF. Despite his personal difficulties, Thaksin has presided over a relatively successful administration and became the country's first democratically-elected prime minister to win a second consecutive term in a landslide victory in elections held in February 2005. The Democrats appear unlikely to overturn Thaksin’s huge majority, especially since their most popular and experienced politician, Chuan Leekpai, retired in 2003. The economy is booming once again and significant progress has been made in the foreign policy field, especially in relations with India and Malaysia, with whom co-operative agreements on bilateral mutual security have been signed. Thailand also hosted a key stage of the ultimately successful peace talks between the Sri Lanka government and the Tamil Tiger rebels (see Sri Lanka). There have been some setbacks. The border with Myanmar, Thailand’s most troublesome neighbour in recent years, was closed for much of 2002 after fighting between the Myanmar army and Shan rebels spilled over into Thai territory – not for the first time. There has also been a steadily growing insurgency in the mainly Muslim-populated provinces in southern Thailand bordering Malaysia. This is rapidly becoming a serious problem for the Thai government. In addition, on December 26 2004, an earthquake in southeast Asia triggered a tsunami that impacted considerably upon Thailand's touristic infrastructure. The west coast was the worst hit area, including outlying areas and tourist resorts near Phuket. Many hotels were ruined. Thousands were killed and there are still around three thousand people missing. Although the Thai authorities were not keen on requesting disaster relief aid, they have sought technical help in identifying the many who died - this process is ongoing.
Government
Under the most recent version of the constitution, finalised in October 1997, the legislature is the bicameral Ratha Sapha (National Assembly). The 393-member Saphaphuthan Ratsadon (House of Representatives) is elected for a four-year term. Executive power is vested in the prime minister and cabinet of ministers, with the former drawn from the ranks of the Ratha Sapha
– normally the leader of the largest party (or largest party in the governing coalition).
Money
Currency
Baht (THB) = 100 satang. Notes are in denominations of THB1000, 500, 100, 50, 20 and 10. Coins are in denominations of THB10, 5 and 1, and 50 and 25 satang. In addition, there are a vast number of commemorative coins which are also legal tender.
Currency exchange
Foreign currencies can be exchanged at banks (which have the best rates), hotels (which charge high commissions) and, in larger towns, bureaux de change (generally open 0800-2000). Outside large towns and tourist areas, notes higher than Bt500 may be difficult to exchange, so visitors are advised to carry small change.
Credit & debit cards
American Express, MasterCard and Visa are widely accepted. Check with your credit or debit card company for details of merchant acceptability and other facilities which may be available.
Traveller's cheques
Accepted by all banks and large hotels and shops. To avoid additional exchange rate charges, travellers are advised to take traveller's cheques in US Dollars, Euros or Pounds Sterling.
Currency restrictions
Foreign visitors may bring in an unlimited amount of Thai currency. For travellers leaving Thailand, both Thais and foreigners, the maximum amount permitted to take out without prior authorisation is THB50,000 per person or, if visiting a neighbouring country, THB500,000 per person. The import and export of foreign currency is unlimited.
Exchange rate indicators
DateAt time of publishing£1.00=THB69.90$1.00=THB39.59
Banking hours
Mon-Fri 0830-1530.
Overview
‘An ancient land of grace and harmony’
Where else but Thailand can you cruise on a converted rice barge, roar upriver in a long-tail boat and take a white-knuckle ride on a bamboo raft, then stay in jungle tree houses, as guests in the homes of hilltribe villagers, or on rafthouses floating on a river? Equally memorable are the trails leading deep into the rainforest past cooling waterfalls, and the simple beauty of the translucent sea lapping onto endless white, soft sand. A holiday in Thailand can combine the beauty of the Golden Triangle’s temples and remote hill tribes north of Chiang Mai, the beaches of Pattaya and more pristine Krabi, and the dynamic capital Bangkok with its futuristic high-rise buildings juxtaposed against the exquisite beauty of the gleaming Grand Palace. In every town and city, bargain-hunters thrive in the street markets crammed with all manner of goods, where good-natured bartering is the norm. Early morning is when the saffron-robed monks leave the sanctuary of their wats to receive alms from the people, be it in a dusty village or on crowded city streets. Buddhism is a way of life here and with the reverence the people have for the monarchy, a dynasty that has maintained the independence of the country for centuries, the result for the Thais is a blend of tradition with contemporary living.
Anita Sach
OverviewII
Thailand has a rich and colourful culture, and many exotic and exciting monuments testify to this. In recent decades, Thailand has rightfully transformed itself from primarily a backpacker destination into one of the world’s top tourist ‘honeypots’, catering for all tastes and budgets. There is certainly no shortage of things for the visitor to enjoy.Where else but Thailand can you cruise on a converted rice barge, roar upriver in a long-tail boat and take a white-knuckle ride on a bamboo raft, then stay in jungle tree houses as guests in the homes of hilltribe villagers, or on rafthouses floating on a river? Equally memorable are the trails leading deep into the rainforest past cooling waterfalls, and the simple beauty of the translucent sea lapping onto endless white, soft sand. A holiday in Thailand can combine the beauty of the Golden Triangle’s temples and remote hill tribes north of Chiang Mai, the beaches of Pattaya and more pristine Krabi, and the dynamic capital Bangkok with its futuristic high-rise buildings juxtaposed against the exquisite beauty of the gleaming Grand Palace. In every town and city, bargain-hunters thrive in the street markets crammed with all manner of goods, where good-natured bartering is the norm. Early morning is when the saffron-robed monks leave the sanctuary of their wats to receive alms from the people, be it in a dusty village or on crowded city streets. Buddhism is a way of life here and with the reverence the people have for the Monarchy, a dynasty that has maintained the Independence of the country for centuries; the result for the Thais is a blend of tradition with contemporary living. Thailand’s distinctive character was largely shaped by the combined influences of strong Monarchy and a powerful military. Formerly known as Siam, the country has been ruled by the Chakri Dynasty, of which the current King, Bhumibol Adulyadej, is a member, since the late 18th century. Although the nation is now a constitutional Monarchy (which it became in 1932 following a bloodless coup), he remains a powerful figure. The country adopted its current name (which means ‘Land of the Free’) in 1939. This became something of a misnomer two years later when Japanese forces invaded, and Thailand became embroiled in the Second World War. Following this, in 1947, a military coup seized power, which it would retain until the early 1970s, and the subsequent tale of natural disaster, collapsed Governments, further coups and corruption allegations has continued to dog Thailand’s leaders. For all this, it has become a hugely popular destination on the long-haul tourist trail, possessed as it is of great natural beauty and a very rich cultural heritage.
Passport/Visa
Passport/Visa
Restricted entry
Nationals of Afghanistan and Iraq will be refused (except for business purposes).
Passports
Passport valid for six months beyond intended length of stay required by all except the following: (a) holders of a Hong Kong (SAR) certificate of identity issued to residents of Hong Kong (transit only); (b) holders of a Singapore certificate of identity with a visa; (c) holders of South African temporary passports; (d) holders of a UN laissez-passer and Macau (SAR) China Travel Permits.
Visas
Required by all except the following nationals for touristic stays, provided they hold valid passports, sufficient funds and confirmed tickets to leave Thailand within 30 days: (a) nationals of the countries referred to in the chart above, except 1. nationals of Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovak Republic and Slovenia, who do need a visa; (b) nationals of Bahrain, Brazil, Brunei, Hong Kong (SAR), Indonesia, Israel, Korea (Rep), Kuwait, Laos, Malaysia, New Zealand, Norway, Oman, Peru, The Philippines, Qatar, Singapore, South Africa, Switzerland, Turkey, United Arab Emirates and Vietnam; (c) transit passengers continuing their journey, provided holding confirmed tickets and other documents for an onward journey and they do not leave the transit lounge.
Note
(a) 2. The following nationals can obtain an entry visa on arrival at 23 designated immigration checkpoints throughout Thailand (consult nearest Embassy/Consulate for further information), provided holding a confirmed ticket to leave within 15 days, proof of sufficient funds, application form with recent photo, a valid passport and that their visit is for tourist purposes only: Bhutan, China (PR), Cyprus, Czech Republic, Hungary, India, Kazakhstan, Maldives, Mauritius, Oman, Poland, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia and Ukraine. The fee for this service is approximately 300 Baht; note that this is subject to frequent change. Travellers should also note that there are normally long queues at the immigration checkpoints. (b) Visitors who enter the Kingdom with Visa on Arrival generally cannot file an application for extension of stay except in special cases such as illness which prevents them from travelling, etc. They should submit their application to the Office of Immigration Bureau, Immigration Division 1, Soi Suan Plu, South Sathorn Road, Bangkok 10120. Tel. (662) 287-3127 or 3101-10 ext. 2264-5; website www.police.go.th/frconten.htm).
Types of visa and cost
Tourist: £25 (single-entry); Non-immigrant (for activities such as business or study): £40 (single-entry), £90 (multiple-entry); Transit: £15 (single-entry: also issued to those participating in sports activities in Thailand or crew members of a conveyance entering Thailand).
Validity
Tourist: 60 days. Non-immigrant: 90 days. Transit: Three days, 15 days (crew members) or 30 days (those participating in sports activities). All visas must be used within three months of date of issue, except multiple-entry non-immigration visas which are valid for up to six months. Extensions are available from the Immigration Bureau in Bangkok.
Application to
Consulate (or Consular section at Embassy); see Passport/Visa Information.
Application requirements
(a) Passport with validity not less than six months. (b) One completed application form. (c) Two recent passport-size photos (4 x 5cm). (d) Fee (cash only). (e) Proof of sufficient funds to cover stay (Bt20,000 per person, Bt40,000 per family). (f) Confirmed onward or return ticket paid in full. Non-immigrant: (a)-(f) and, (g) Copy of passport. (h) For a business visit, a letter from the employer in country of origin and from the business partner in Thailand explaining the purpose of the visit is required. Other documents may also be required, depending on purpose of visit. Transit: (a)-(g), (h) Visa for next destination in passport or travel document and, (i) Letter of invitation stating the application's participation in sports activities in the Kingdom.
Note
(a) The Royal Thai Embassy in London does not accept visa applications by post. (b) Nationals of Algeria, Bangladesh, Egypt, India, Iran, Lebanon, Libya, Nepal, Pakistan, Palestinian Authority passport holders, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic and Yemen must fill in three application forms with three photographs when applying for a Thai visa and must provide additional information. Contact Consulate for details. (c) Nationals of China, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of) and Saudi Arabia must fill in three application forms with three photographs when applying for a Thai visa at the Royal Thai Embassy in London or Royal Thai Consulates across the UK and Ireland (d) Yellow fever vaccination certificates are required for applicants who have visited or come from an affected area. Other vaccinations, such as for Smallpox, may also be requested by the Immigration Doctor and compliance is essential.
Working days required
Two days if submitted in person, approximately one week plus mailing time if applying by post.
Temporary Residence
This must be applied for at the Office of Immigration (tel: (662) 287 3101-10) or at a Consular office in the home country (only for certain nationals: see Note.
Passport/Visa Information
Royal Thai Embassy in the UK29-30 Queens Gate, London SW7 5JB, UK Tel: (020) 7589 2944 (ext. 115/119). Website: www.thaiembassyuk.org.uk Opening hours: Mon-Fri 0930-1230 (consular section); Mon-Fri 1400-1700 (telephone enquiries).Royal Thai Embassy in the USA1024 Wisconsin Avenue, Suite 401, NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA Tel: (202) 944 3600 or 3608 (consular section).Website: www.thaiembdc.orgRoyal Thai Consulate General in the USA351 East 52nd Street, New York, NY 10022, USA Tel: (212) 754 1770 or 2536-8 or 1896. Website: www.thaiembdc.org
Public Holidays
Public Holidays
Below are listed Public Holidays for the January 2006-June 2007 period.Jan 1 2006 New Year's Day. Feb 12 Magha Bucha Day. Apr 6 Chakri Day. Apr 13-15 Songkran (Thai New Year). May 1 Labour Day. May 5 Coronation Day. May 12* Visakha Bucha. Jul 1 Mid Year Bank Holiday. Jul 12* Khao Phansa Day (Buddhist Lent). Aug 12 HM The Queen's Birthday. Oct 23 Chulalongkorn Day. Dec 5 HM The King's Birthday. Dec 10 Constitution Day. Dec 31 New Year's Eve. Jan 1 2007 New Year's Day. Mar 3 Magha Bucha Day. Apr 6 Chakri Day. Apr 13-15 Songkran (Thai New Year). May 1 Labour Day. May 5 Coronation Day. May 31* Visakha Bucha.
Note
* The religious festivals are determined by the Buddhist lunar calendar and therefore are difficult to predict. The dates provided here are estimates.
Resorts & Excursions
Introduction
Note
On December 26 2004 a massive earthquake registering 9.0 on the Richter scale struck off the west coast of Indonesia. The quake created a tsunami – a series of huge waves that spread destruction across many parts of Asia and reached as far as the east coast of Africa. Some areas along Thailand’s west coast were badly affected by the disaster. In the immediate aftermath, infrastructure in these areas had been severely disrupted. The recovery process has been excellent but those wishing to travel to the affected areas should check with the relevant tour operator, tourist board or embassy for the latest information prior to travel (see Contact Addresses). Up-to-date information is available at www.tourismthailand.org.
Bangkok
Over the last decade or so, the self-styled Land of Smiles has grown from being mainly a backpacker preserve to become one of Asia's most popular tourist and business playgrounds. From its shambolically thrilling capital, Bangkok, through to the epic white sands of some of the world's most beautiful beaches, Thailand manages to cater for many diverse tastes. The difference is today that the elephant treks through the jungle and days spent on palm fringed beaches end more often than not in a sumptuous hotel or spa resort rather than a 'dollar-a-night' beach hut.
Most Thais refer to the capital as 'Krung Thep', the shortened Thai name of a city that actually consists of 32 different words, a fittingly impressive number of monikers for a capital that is one of the world's most eclectic and thrilling. Bangkok is to Thailand what London is to England: the metropole, the hub of business, economic and political affairs. The rapid pace of change and the increasing prosperity that gives the city much of its vibrancy have also caused some problems, with widely reported nightmare traffic congestion and pollution. Over the last few years, the opening of a slick new overland metropolitan railway that enables visitors to glide over the chaotic scenes below, coupled with the cheap and frequent river boats and the reasonably priced air-conditioned taxis, have improved the situation markedly. Through the city flows the Chao Phraya River, on the banks of which can be found some of the best hotels in Bangkok. It is also where visitors will find the Grand Palace which, covering a huge area, is one of the major sites. Here also is Wat Phra Kaeo, a temple complex which houses the Emerald Buddha. This Buddha statue is not covered in emeralds, as the name suggests, but is made of translucent green jade. Upriver from the Grand Palace are the Royal Barges. These richly ornamented barges are still used today for special processions on the Chao Phraya. Within the city limits is a wealth of over 300 Buddhist temple and shrines. Most famous are Wat Benchamabophit (Marble Temple), Wat Arun (Temple of Dawn) and Wat Trimit (Temple of the Golden Buddha). One of the largest temple complexes in the country is Wat Pho. Altogether, there are over 30 individual temples scattered here, of which the Temple of the Reclining Buddha is the largest. The Buddha's statue is enormous, an amazing 47.5m (156ft) long and 15m (49ft) high. The gardens surrounding the temples offer an escape from the hectic pace of the big city. The temple also houses the national school for traditional Thai massage. The Floating Market is an interesting place to visit, although it has become more of a tourist attraction than a genuine market for Thais. Other sights include Lak Muang (the city stone), the Erawan Shrine, where local offerings are made daily, and the National Museum. Housed in the Suan Pakkard Palace is a collection of precious antiques. Also interesting is the former home of the American silk-dealer Jim Thompson who vanished without a trace in 1967. Today, the house is a craft museum with a shop selling high-quality silks at reasonable prices. Bangkok's burgeoning nightlife is also a major attraction. The ubiquitous 'girlie bars' of Patpong are notorious, though these days they are tourist friendly, and, beyond these dens, there are new designer bars and slick modern nightclubs, as well as some of the best restaurants in Asia.
Excursions
Upriver is the old capital of Ayutthaya and the old summer palace at Bang Pa-In. Within its confines are striking structures such as a classic Thai pavilion, a neoclassical palace, a Chinese-style pagoda and a Buddhist temple that resembles a Gothic church. East of Bangkok lies the Ancient City, a vast private park with models, some full sized, some reduced, of most of Thailand's historic monuments and the temple ruins of the Khmer Empire, situated near the Cambodian border. Also just outside the city is the Rose Garden Country Resort with daily performances of Thai music, dance, games and ceremonies.
The Interior
Chiang Mai
In the far north is Thailand's second-largest city and a centre for excursions to the region's ancient and beautiful temples, the teak forests and their working elephants, caves and waterfalls, and journeys to visit the northern hill tribes. The main attractions are the Doi Suthep temple and elephant trekking. Doi Suthep is one of the most famous temples in northern Thailand. Perched high on a hilltop, it offers fine views over the city on clear days. The trip up can either be made via a funicular or a grand staircase with 400 steps. The banisters alone are worth a visit: a giant green-and-red glazed serpent winds its way down to end in a magnificent dragon's head. Elephant trekking in the surrounding countryside has become a big tourist buck earner in the last decade, but visitors should beware that some 'authentic' trips turn out to be just the opposite.
Excursions
There are many small villages in the area surrounding the city where local handicrafts are produced. In the Mae Sa Valley, there is an elephant training school and, nearby, an orchid farm; longer trips can be made to the Doi Inthanon National Park and to Chiang Rai, from where the Mekong River and the Golden Triangle can be reached. Another interesting route to take is the road to Mae-Hong-Son near the border with Myanmar. It is a good base from which to go trekking or motorcycle touring. On the way round the Mae-Hong-Son loop, it is possible to stop at the small town of Pai, a relaxed and friendly place.
Central Plains
The Central Plains, located between Bangkok and Chiang Mai, form the prosperous heart of the country, a rich environment that has seen the rise and fall of great cities and kingdoms. Phitsanulok makes a convenient base for excursions into the area. The town is also the site of the Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat. This important monastery houses the well-known Phra Buddha Chinnarat, reputedly one of the most beautiful Buddha images in Thailand. From Phitsanulok, one can visit the ancient city kingdoms of Kamphaeng Phet and Sukhothai. UNESCO included Sukhothai and its environs on its list of World Heritage Sites. It covers a huge area and includes palaces, temples and pavilions as well as lakes, ponds and canals.
Kanchanaburi
The province of Kanchanaburi is a stunning oasis of jungle-clad hills and sweeping waterways. The town of Kanchanaburi, with its modern hotels and tourist facilities, is the original site of the famous Bridge Over The River Kwai, a place where thousands of allied prisoners of war and Thai forced labourers died at the hands of the Japanese. The train trip, whether on the normal scheduled service or the dedicated tourist services, runs along the 'Death Railway' and across the post-war bridge and is a popular activity.
The Northeast
In the northeast, about three hours by road from Bangkok, is the Khao Yai National Park & Wildlife Reserve. The most popular of the country's national parks, it has been developed into a modest resort. As well as the attractions of the wildlife and jungle, the park can be used as a base to visit the many ancient and historical sites in the northeast of Thailand. There are also some excellent Khmer sites in the northeast, including Lopburi, Phanom Rung and Pimai. The northeast also provides its own special festival celebrations, the most exciting being the elephant roundup at Surin each November.
The Coast of Thailand
Gulf of Bangkok
Situated in the Eastern Gulf, Pattaya, one of Southeast Asia's most infamous beach resorts, is blighted by excessive development. The quieter nearby resort of Bang Saen is a more salubrious choice. A little further away is Ko Samet, an idyllic island about a 30 minutes' boat ride from Rayong. Two to three hours south of Bangkok are Cha'am and Hua Hin.
Phuket
Phuket was one of the regions hit by the tsunami in December 2004. Kamala and Patong beaches suffered the worst damage but the clean up process has been excellent.
The island of Phuket (attached by a causeway to the mainland) in the southwest corner of the country is one of several resorts on the Indian Ocean. Phuket is now threatening to outstrip Pattaya as the number one beach resort in Thailand. The main town of Patong has a reputation for sex and sleaze, but many of the resort hotels that are dotted around the bountiful beaches of the island are superb. The island is also large enough to accommodate backpacker beach-hut developments alongside the slick luxury hotels. Diving is popular, though visibility can be a problem.
Phang Nga Bay
Easily reached from Phuket, this bay boasts one of the world's most stunning seascapes; the area was featured in the James Bond film, The Man with the Golden Gun. Approximately 3500 islands (ko) are scattered in the bay. Though forbidding and seemingly impenetrable from the outside, they harbour a wealth of untouched fauna and flora in their hollow interior. Until recently, they were believed inaccessible from the surrounding sea. There are now canoe trips through tunnels and cracks in the rock, although this is dependent on the prevailing tide.
Ko Phi Phi Islands
These idyllic twin islands lie an easy boat trip away from either Phuket or the mainland at Krabi. The largest, Ko Phi Phi Don, is a dumbbell shaped slice of paradise, its coastline fringed with white beaches all around, and its interior clad with tropical rainforest. The only town, Ton Sai, has been largely ruined by uncontrolled tourist development, but much of the rest of the island is still untouched and a number of upscale hotels and resorts inhibit these better-preserved areas. Neighbouring Ko Phi Phi Leh's main claim to fame was that it was controversially used as the setting for the Hollywood blockbuster, The Beach. There is no accommodation on this limestone outcrop, but it makes a perfect day trip from its larger sibling.
Ko Samui
Over the last decade or so Ko Samui, once a backpacker's haven, has developed into a more sophisticated beach resort, complete with an airport that offers regular flights to and from Bangkok and Krabi. Ko Samui is Thailand's third-largest island, and although tourism is now the main industry, its lingering rustic charm is summed up by the fact that coconut farming is still a major industry. Chaweng Beach is the island's largest beach and has a number of good hotels as well as groups of bungalows and bars that are ideal for the budget traveller.
Ko Phangan
Ko Phangan is still relatively undeveloped and is mainly visited by the more adventurous traveller looking to get away from fast food outlets and chain hotels. Each month it hosts all-night full moon beach parties at Had Rin with up to 10,000 revellers frolicking in the moonlit surf in a nefarious festival that attracts everyone from backpackers to the Bangkok young professional set. There are no luxury hotels on the island, but there are plenty of beach hut accommodations dotted in small communities around the island, offering a real escape or the chance to party with other travellers. The only access to Ko Phangan is by boat from Ko Samui or Surat Thani on the mainland.
Ko Tao
Ko Tao, which translates as 'Turtle Island', is another less-developed island, but it is becoming increasingly popular as a scuba-diving destination. Ban Mae Hat is the only real town, and it is given over to cheap hotels and dive operators. The diving around Ko Tao is excellent with clean water and good visibility.
Sport & Activities
Watersports
Thailand's 2710km (1694 miles) of coastline, on both the Indian and the Pacific Oceans, as well as its many offshore islands, make it a popular destination for watersports, particularly diving and snorkelling. Two of the largest diving centres are at Pattaya, a two-hour drive from Bangkok, and Phuket, both of which offer access to numerous offshore islands and coral reefs. The Andaman Sea is particularly good for reef diving, the famous Similan and Surin islands being the most visited areas. In the Gulf of Thailand, the islands of Ko Phangan, Ko Samui and Ko Tao also attract many divers, while Ko Chang and the Trat area are amongst the most recent locations to have opened up to sports tourism. The Burma Banks and the islands off Trang Province have also recently been hailed as new diving destinations. Live-aboard dive cruises, equipment rental and certified diving courses are widely available. Several beaches are particularly well-suited for windsurfing, particularly Chaweng, Hua Hin, Jomtien (south of Pattaya), Karon (on Phuket island), Kata and Lamai (on Koh Samui). In the Gulf of Thailand, the windiest months are mid-February to April; in the Andaman Sea, the period from September to December has the strongest winds (for further information on beaches, see also the Resorts & Excursions section). Sea canoeing and kayaking have become increasingly popular in recent years, the coastal limestone islands in Phang Nga Bay, north of Phuket, being the favourite destination, also offering the chance to explore the half-submerged cave systems known as hongs. Sailing is a popular way to access Thailand's many islands and the main base for sailing trips in the Andaman Sea is Phuket, which also hosts the annual Kings Cup Regatta in December. Sailing cruises in the Gulf of Thailand usually start from Pattaya. Yachts can be chartered either with or without a crew. The presence of big game fish, such as barracuda, tuna, wahoo, swordfish or marlin, attracts many game fishing enthusiasts, who can charter fully crewed boats from most major coastal resorts. Inland raft trips can be arranged on several rivers.
Trekking
The best trails are in northern Thailand, particularly the remote provinces of Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai and Mae Hong Son. This is also the region of the infamous Golden Triangle, where Thailand, Laos and Myanmar meet and from where much of the world's opium originates. Treks usually run for three or four days through a scenery consisting of forested mountains inhabited by hill tribes whose small villages offer basic overnight accommodation for trekkers. Guides are widely available, but visitors should ensure that, besides English, they speak some of the hill tribe languages and have good contacts with the tribal communities. Although the people are reported to be extremely friendly, trekkers should also be aware that the area is mostly unpoliced and hold ups and robberies have been reported during the last few years.
Meditation
Thailand has dozens of temples and meditation centres specialising in vipassana (insight) meditation. Instruction and accommodation is usually free, though donations are expected. Different meditation techniques and dress codes apply to different centres. Upmarket resorts offering mind, body and spirit holidays are also available, with various alternative therapies included in the package. Larger retreats are for the serious minded only. Male and female English speakers are welcome, but strict segregation of the sexes is enforced and many places observe a vow of silence.
Thai kick-boxing
Also known as muay thai, this traditional sport can be seen every day of the year at the major stadiums in both Bangkok and the provinces. Thai boxing matches are preceded by elaborate ceremonies and accompanied by lively music. Thailand has over 60,000 full-time boxers. Foreigners may enrol at a traditional muay training camp, some of which specialise in training westerners. There is a strong spiritual and ritualistic dimension to muay thai, adding grace to an otherwise brutal sport.
Spectator sports
Horse races are held every two weeks at the Royal Bangkok Sports Club on Saturday and at the Royal Turf Club on Sunday. Another spectator sport is takraw, also sometimes called Siamese football, in which a small woven rattan ball is kicked around by players standing in a circle and often performing spectacular moves. The aim of the game is to keep the ball off the ground, and to do this any part of the body can be used except for the hands.
Top Things To Do
Top things to do
• Take a day excursion from Bangkok for a train trip across the notorious River Kwai bridge at Kanchanaburi, which was built by Allied prisoners under the direction of the Japanese during the Second World War (website: www.kanchanaburi-info.com). Also outside the city is the Rose Garden Country Resort with daily performances of traditional Thai music, dance, games and ceremonies (website: www.rose-garden.com). •
Horse races are held every two weeks at the Royal Bangkok Sports Club on Saturday and at the Royal Turf Club on Sunday. Another spectator sport is takraw, also sometimes called Siamese football, in which a small woven rattan ball is kicked around by players standing in a circle and often performing spectacular moves. The aim of the game is to keep the ball off the ground, and to do this any part of the body can be used except for the hands. • Braver souls can try Thai kick-boxing. Also known as muay thai, this traditional sport can be seen every day of the year at the major stadiums in both Bangkok and the provinces. Thai boxing matches are preceded by elaborate ceremonies and accompanied by lively music. Thailand has over 60,000 full-time boxers. Foreigners may enrol at a traditional muay training camp, some of which specialise in training westerners. • Cast off your cares through traditional meditation. Thailand has dozens of temples and meditation centres specialising in vipassana (insight) meditation. Instruction and accommodation is usually free, though donations are expected. Different meditation techniques and dress codes apply to different centres. • The northeast of the country offers a number of special festival celebrations, one of the most exciting being the elephant roundup at Surin each November. • Go walking in the countryside. The best trails are in northern Thailand, particularly the remote provinces of Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai and Mae Hong Son. This is also the region of the infamous Golden Triangle, where Thailand, Laos and Myanmar meet and from where much of the world's opium originates. • Thailand's 2710km (1694 miles) of coastline, on both the Indian and the Pacific Oceans, as well as its many offshore islands, make it a popular destination for watersports, particularly diving and snorkelling. Sea canoeing and kayaking have become increasingly popular in recent years, the coastal limestone islands in Phang Nga Bay, north of Phuket, being the favourite destination, also offering the chance to explore the half-submerged cave systems known as hongs. • The presence of big game fish, such as barracuda, tuna, wahoo, swordfish or marlin, attracts many game fishing enthusiasts, who can charter fully crewed boats from most major coastal resorts. • Take a tour from Chiang Mai to the Mae Sa Valley, where there is an elephant training school and, nearby, an orchid farm; longer trips can be made to the Doi Inthanon National Park and to Chiang Rai, from where the Mekong River and the Golden Triangle can be reached. • Take a boat trip through Bangkok’s Floating Market, or along the klongs, a network of canals leading off the river, and lined with dwellings opening directly on to the water.
Tourist Information
Tourism Authority of Thailand in the UK3rd Floor, Brook House, 98-99 Jermyn Street, London SW1Y 6EE, UK Tel: (09063) 640 666 (consumer enquiries; calls cost 60p per minute) or (0870) 900 2007 (brochure request line) or (020) 7925 2511 (trade enquiries). Website: www.thaismile.co.ukOpening hours: Mon-Fri 0930-1700 (personal callers).Tourism Authority of Thailand in the USA61 Broadway, Suite 2810, New York, NY 10006, USA Tel: (212) 432 0433. Website: www.tourismthailand.org
Top Things To See
Top things to see
• Marvel at Bangkok’s Grand Palace (website: www.palaces.thai.net/gp) which, covering a huge area, is one of the major attractions. Here also is Wat Phra Kaeo, a temple complex housing the Emerald Buddha. This Buddha statue is not covered in emeralds, as the name suggests, but is made of translucent green jade. Upriver from the Grand Palace are the Royal Barges. These richly ornamented barges are still used today for special processions on the Chao Phraya River. • One of the largest temple complexes in the country is Wat Pho. Altogether, there are over 30 individual temples here, among which the Temple of the Reclining Buddha is the largest. The Buddha's statue is enormous, an amazing 47.5m (156ft) long and 15m (49ft) high. The gardens surrounding the temples offer an escape from the hectic pace of the surrounding city. • Other Bangkok sights include Lak Muang (the city stone), the Erawan Shrine, where local offerings are made daily, and the National Museum (website: www.thailandmuseum.com). Housed in the Suan Pakkad Palace (website: www.suanpakkad.com) is a collection of precious antiques. Also interesting is the former home of the American silk-dealer Jim Thompson who vanished without a trace in 1967 (website: www.jimthompsonhouse.com). Today, the house is a craft museum with a shop selling high-quality silks at reasonable prices. • For a rather different type of sightseeing, witness Bangkok’s notorious Patpong
‘red light’ district, centre of the city’s seedier attractions, but a lively night-time venue for those of a less sensitive nature. It has cleaned up its act somewhat in recent years, and is surrounded by nightclubs and restaurants. • In the far north is Chiang Mai, Thailand's second-largest city and a centre for excursions to the region's ancient and beautiful temples, the teak forests and their working elephants, caves and waterfalls, and journeys to visit the northern hill tribes. The main attractions are the Doi Suthep temple and elephant trekking in the surrounding countryside. • For those keen on history, there are some excellent historic Khmer sites in the northeast, including Lopburi, Phanom Rung and Pimai. • In the Mae Sa Valley, there is an elephant training school and, nearby, an orchid farm; longer trips can be made to the Doi Inthanon National Park and to Chiang Rai, from where the Mekong River and the Golden Triangle can be reached. Another interesting route to take is the road to Mae-Hong-Son near the border with Myanmar. • In central Thailand, Phitsanulok makes a convenient base for excursions. The town is also the site of the Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat. This important monastery houses the well-known Phra Buddha Chinnarat, reputedly one of the most beautiful Buddha images in Thailand. From Phitsanulok, one can visit the ancient city kingdoms of Kamphaeng. • Areas of the southern coastal region were ravaged by the tsunami of December 2004, but Phang Nga Bay, easily reached from Phuket, boasts one of the world's most stunning seascapes; the area was featured in the James Bond film The Man with the Golden Gun. Approximately 3500 islands (ko) are scattered in the bay. • Spend a day out at the Ancient City, a vast private park to the east of Bangkok, with models, some full sized, some reduced, of most of Thailand's historic monuments and the temple ruins of the Khmer Empire, situated near the Cambodian border.
Tourist Information
Tourism Authority of Thailand in the UK3rd Floor, Brook House, 98-99 Jermyn Street, London SW1Y 6EE, UK Tel: (09063) 640 666 (consumer enquiries; calls cost 60p per minute) or (0870) 900 2007 (brochure request line) or (020) 7925 2511 (trade enquiries). Website: www.thaismile.co.ukOpening hours: Mon-Fri 0930-1700 (personal callers).Tourism Authority of Thailand in the USA61 Broadway, Suite 2810, New York, NY 10006, USA Tel: (212) 432 0433. Website: www.tourismthailand.org
Travel - Internal
Air
Thai Airways International (TG) (website: www.thaiairways.com) runs services to all major towns, using a total of 22 airports. Bangkok Airways (PG) (website: www.bangkokair.com) flies seven additional routes. Discounts are available in off-peak seasons and during special promotional periods.PB Air and Phuket Air also fly domestically.
Departure tax
THB50 for all domestic flights, THB400 for domestic flights from Samui Airport. Children under two years are exempt.
River
Thailand has, depending on the season, up to 1600km (1000 miles) of navigable inland waterway. Services operate between Thanon Tok and Nonthaburi, and luxury cruises are available on the Oriental Queen. Long-tailed motorboats and taxi-boat ferries also operate. Strong competition on all of the major routes ensures that fares are kept low. Reduced services operate during the monsoon season from May through to October along the east coast and Andaman coast, and from November until January on the Gulf coast. The more remote spots become inaccessible in these periods.
Rail
The excellent railway network extends over 4600km (2860 miles), linking all major towns with the exception of Phuket. It is run by State Railways of Thailand. It has recently been extended to serve centres on the east coast. There are four main trunk routes to the northern, eastern, southern and northeastern regions, and also a line serving Thon Buri, River Kwai Bridge and Nam Tok. There are several daily services on each route, with air-conditioned, sleeping and restaurant cars on the principal trains. The journeys are leisurely and comfortable, and travelling by train is certainly one of the best ways to get around the country. The Southern Line Express stops at Surat Thani for those who wish to continue by bus and ferry to the islands off the east coast. Most railway timetables are published in English.
Road
There is a reasonable road network comprising many highways and 52,000km (32,300 miles) of national and provincial roads. All major roads are paved. Traffic drives on the left. Bus: There are inter-urban routes to all provinces. Fares are very cheap and buses very crowded. Privately owned air-conditioned buses (seats bookable) are comfortable and moderately priced. Taxi: There are plenty of taxis, which operate day and night. There are three types: taxi-meter; taxis which are unmetered; and 3-wheeled, open-air tuk-tuks. Where there is no meter, fares should be agreed before departure. It is sometimes possible to agree fares for longer trips even in taxi-meters. It is also possible to take a motorbike taxi. These are especially useful in Bangkok's horrendous rush-hour traffic. Taxi drivers do not always carry change, so it is important to have the correct amount. Passengers are also expected to pay for any motorway tolls. Car hire: Available in all main cities. Passports may be held as a form of deposit. Motorcycle hire is also available, especially on the larger islands. Documentation: International Driving Permit required. IDPs are valid for three months, after which a Thai driving licence is required.
Urban
Conventional bus services in Bangkok are operated by the Government Mass Transit Authority, but there are also extensive private minibus operations and passenger-carrying trucks. Premium fares are charged for air-conditioned (white and blue buses) and express buses. The ordinary buses are red or blue and charge a flat rate regardless of distance travelled. Fares are generally low and are collected by conductors. In Bangkok, taxis displaying the TAXI-METER sign are metered. Samlors or tuk-tuks are three wheeled taxis without a meter; the fare must be negotiated before the journey commences. These are cheaper than taxis but are only suitable for short distances. There are express, rapid and ordinary motorboat services on the Chao Phraya river between Nanthaburi pier to the north of Bangkok to Wat Ratcha Singkhon pier in southern Bangkok. The express boats, marked with a yellow flag, are more expensive than the rapid orange flag flying boats. The ordinary flagless boats are the cheapest. Bus maps of the city are available, on arrival, from the tourist office at Don Muang Airport. The Skytrain (BTS), an elevated mass transit system in Bangkok, runs from 0600-0000. The Metro (MRT) runs from Hua Lamphang to Bang Sue with 16 stations inbetween. Trains leave every three to five minutes between 0600 and 0000.
Travel Times
The following chart gives approximate travel times (in hours and minutes) from Bangkok to other major cities/towns in Thailand.AirRoadRailChiang Mai1.0010.0014.00 Pattaya-3.00-Phuket1.2010.45-Samui1.2013.0014.00
Travel - International
Air
The national airline is Thai Airways International (website: www.thaiairways.com). Bangkok is the main entry point into Thailand, as well as being a major access point for travel to Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal and Vietnam.
Approximate flight times
From Bangkok to London is 12 hours; to Manila is three hours; to Singapore is two hours 15 minutes and to Sydney is nine hours.
Main airports
Bangkok International (BKK) (Don Muang) (website: www.airportthai.co.th) is 24km (15 miles) north of the city (travel time - 40 to 60 minutes). To/from the airport: There are four airport bus routes to the city and buses leave from each terminal every 20 minutes from 0500 to 0030. There are also three regular public bus routes and four air-conditioned bus routes to Bangkok railways station, the southern and eastern bus terminals and to the city centre. Trains also run to the city centre (from 0606-2007). Limousines are available at all hours. Taxis are also available. There is a direct coach service to Pattaya at 0900, 1200 and 1900, returning at 0630, 1400 and 1830. Facilities: Left luggage, first aid, chemist, duty free shop, banks/bureaux de change, restaurant, bar and snack bars post office, car hire, accommodation reservations, Internet and telephone rental.Chiang Mai International Airport (CNX), 15km (9 miles) southwest of the city (travel time - 20 minutes). To/from the airport: Taxi and limousine services are available to the city centre. Facilities: Car hire, banks/bureaux de change, restaurant, shops and bar. Phuket International Airport (HKT) is 35km (22 miles) northwest of Phuket. To/from the airport: Taxis and limousines are available to the city centre. Facilities: Left luggage, duty free shops, first aid, banks, bureau de change, post office, restaurant and snack bars, car hire and tourist information. Hat Yai International (HDY) has recently been opened; so far it is only used for flights to Asian destinations and domestic flights. The nearest town is Songkhla (approximately 20km/12.5 miles away). To/from the airport: Taxis, bus and train services are available. Facilities: Duty free shop, restaurant, car hire, tourist information and post office. Suvarnabhumi International Airport (SBI) is 25 km (14 miles) east of Bangkok's city centre. The construction of the new airport is almost complete. The airport will open for full commercial operations between June and October 2006. When it opens, it will replace Don Muang airport. To/from the airport: A city-link-connection is under construction.
Departure tax
THB500 for all international departures. Transit passengers and children under two years of age are exempt.
Sea
Main port: Bangkok. Limited passenger services are available. There are passenger crossings between Thailand and Laos at several points along the Mekong river. Cruise lines calling at Thailand include Orient Lines, Princess, Radisson Seven Seas and Seabourn.
Rail
Through trains operate to Kuala Lumpur, with daily connections to Singapore, Malaysia and to the borders with Cambodia (at Aranyaprathet) and Laos (at Nong Khai). The opulent Eastern and Oriental Express runs directly from Bangkok to Singapore but it is expensive.
Road
There are international roads from Cambodia, Malaysia and Laos. Roads into Myanmar are not officially open to tourist traffic.
Travel Advice
Travellers are advised against all but essential travel to, or through, the far southern provinces of Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat and Songkhla, where there is continuing violence due to insurgency and civil unrest. Since January 2004, there have been regular attacks including bombings and shootings. The Thai government has declared a serious state of emergency in the provinces of Pattani, Yala and Narathiwat. There is a high threat from terrorism throughout Thailand. Attacks could be indiscriminate and against places frequented by foreigners. Since December 2005, there have been a number of small explosions in Bangkok. The motives for these attacks are not clear. Penalties for possession, distribution or manufacture of drugs are severe and can include the death penalty. Outbreaks of avian influenza (bird flu) in Thailand have resulted in a small number of human fatalities. As a precaution, visitors should avoid live animal markets, poultry farms and other places where they may come into close contact with domestic, caged or wild birds; and ensure poultry and egg dishes are thoroughly cooked. This advice is based on information provided by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in the UK. It is correct at time of publishing. As the situation can change rapidly, visitors are advised to contact the following organisations for the latest travel advice: British Foreign and Commonwealth Office Tel: (0845) 850 2829. Website: www.fco.gov.uk US Department of State Website: http://travel.state.gov/travel
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THAILAND
